The 1.3.0 release of yardstick introduced an implementation for groupwise metrics. The use case motivating the implementation of this functionality is fairness metrics, though groupwise metrics have applications beyond that domain. Fairness metrics quantify the degree of disparity in a metric value across groups. To learn more about carrying out fairness-oriented analyses with tidymodels, see the blog post on the tidymodels website. This vignette will instead focus on groupwise metrics generally, clarifying the meaning of “groupwise” and demonstrating functionality with an example dataset.
Group-awareness
Even before the implementation of groupwise metrics, all yardstick metrics had been group-aware. When grouped data is passed to a group-aware metric, it will return metric values calculated for each group.
To demonstrate, we’ll make use of the hpc_cv data set,
containing class probabilities and class predictions for a linear
discriminant analysis fit to the HPC data set of Kuhn and Johnson
(2013). The model is evaluated via 10-fold cross-validation, and the
predictions for all folds are included.
tibble(hpc_cv)
#> # A tibble: 3,467 × 7
#> obs pred VF F M L Resample
#> <fct> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
#> 1 VF VF 0.914 0.0779 0.00848 0.0000199 Fold01
#> 2 VF VF 0.938 0.0571 0.00482 0.0000101 Fold01
#> 3 VF VF 0.947 0.0495 0.00316 0.00000500 Fold01
#> 4 VF VF 0.929 0.0653 0.00579 0.0000156 Fold01
#> 5 VF VF 0.942 0.0543 0.00381 0.00000729 Fold01
#> 6 VF VF 0.951 0.0462 0.00272 0.00000384 Fold01
#> 7 VF VF 0.914 0.0782 0.00767 0.0000354 Fold01
#> 8 VF VF 0.918 0.0744 0.00726 0.0000157 Fold01
#> 9 VF VF 0.843 0.128 0.0296 0.000192 Fold01
#> 10 VF VF 0.920 0.0728 0.00703 0.0000147 Fold01
#> # ℹ 3,457 more rowsFor the purposes of this vignette, we’ll also add a column
batch to the data and select off the columns for the class
probabilities, which we don’t need.
set.seed(1)
hpc <-
tibble(hpc_cv) %>%
mutate(batch = sample(c("a", "b"), nrow(.), replace = TRUE)) %>%
select(-c(VF, F, M, L))
hpc
#> # A tibble: 3,467 × 4
#> obs pred Resample batch
#> <fct> <fct> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 2 VF VF Fold01 b
#> 3 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 4 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 5 VF VF Fold01 b
#> 6 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 7 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 8 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 9 VF VF Fold01 b
#> 10 VF VF Fold01 b
#> # ℹ 3,457 more rowsIf we wanted to compute the accuracy of the first resampled model, we could write:
hpc %>%
filter(Resample == "Fold01") %>%
accuracy(obs, pred)
#> # A tibble: 1 × 3
#> .metric .estimator .estimate
#> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 accuracy multiclass 0.726The metric function returns one row, giving the .metric,
.estimator, and .estimate for the whole data
set it is passed.
If we instead group the data by fold, metric functions like
accuracy will know to compute values for each group; in the
output, each row will correspond to a Resample.
hpc %>%
group_by(Resample) %>%
accuracy(obs, pred)
#> # A tibble: 10 × 4
#> Resample .metric .estimator .estimate
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 Fold01 accuracy multiclass 0.726
#> 2 Fold02 accuracy multiclass 0.712
#> 3 Fold03 accuracy multiclass 0.758
#> 4 Fold04 accuracy multiclass 0.712
#> 5 Fold05 accuracy multiclass 0.712
#> 6 Fold06 accuracy multiclass 0.697
#> 7 Fold07 accuracy multiclass 0.675
#> 8 Fold08 accuracy multiclass 0.721
#> 9 Fold09 accuracy multiclass 0.673
#> 10 Fold10 accuracy multiclass 0.699Note that the first row, corresponding to Fold01, gives
the same value as manually filtering for the observations corresponding
to the first resample and then computing the accuracy.
This behavior is what we mean by group-awareness. When grouped data is passed to group-aware metric functions, they will return values for each group.
Groupwise metrics
Groupwise metrics are associated with a data-column such that, when passed data with that column, the metric will temporarily group by that column, compute values for each of the groups defined by the column, and then aggregate the values computed for the temporary grouping back to the level of the input data’s grouping.
More concretely, let’s turn to an example where there is no pre-existing grouping in the data. Consider the portion of the HPC data pertaining to the first resample:
hpc %>%
filter(Resample == "Fold01")
#> # A tibble: 347 × 4
#> obs pred Resample batch
#> <fct> <fct> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 2 VF VF Fold01 b
#> 3 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 4 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 5 VF VF Fold01 b
#> 6 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 7 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 8 VF VF Fold01 a
#> 9 VF VF Fold01 b
#> 10 VF VF Fold01 b
#> # ℹ 337 more rowsSuppose that the batches in the data represent two
groups for which model performance ought not to differ. To quantify the
degree to which model performance differs for these two groups, we could
compute accuracy values for either group separately, and then take their
difference. First, computing accuracies:
acc_by_group <-
hpc %>%
filter(Resample == "Fold01") %>%
group_by(batch) %>%
accuracy(obs, pred)
acc_by_group
#> # A tibble: 2 × 4
#> batch .metric .estimator .estimate
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 a accuracy multiclass 0.713
#> 2 b accuracy multiclass 0.739Now, taking the difference:
Groupwise metrics encode the group_by() and aggregation
step (in this case, subtraction) shown above into a yardstick metric. We
can define a new groupwise metric with the
new_groupwise_metric() function:
accuracy_diff <-
new_groupwise_metric(
fn = accuracy,
name = "accuracy_diff",
aggregate = function(acc_by_group) {
diff(c(acc_by_group$.estimate[2], acc_by_group$.estimate[1]))
}
)- The
fnargument is the yardstick metric that will be computed for each data group. - The
nameargument gives the name of the new metric we’ve created; we’ll call ours “accuracy difference.” - The
aggregateargument is a function defining how to go fromfnoutput by group to a single numeric value.
The output, accuracy_diff, is a function subclass called
a metric_factory:
class(accuracy_diff)
#> [1] "metric_factory" "function"accuracy_diff now knows to take accuracy values for each
group and then return the difference between the accuracy for the first
and second result as output. The last thing we need to associate with
the object is the name of the grouping variable to pass to
group_by(); we can pass that variable name to
accuracy_diff to do so:
accuracy_diff_by_batch <- accuracy_diff(batch)The output, accuracy_diff_by_batch, is a yardstick
metric function like any other:
class(accuracy)
#> [1] "class_metric" "metric" "function"
class(accuracy_diff_by_batch)
#> [1] "class_metric" "metric" "function"We can use the accuracy_diff_by_batch() metric in the
same way that we would use accuracy(). On its own:
hpc %>%
filter(Resample == "Fold01") %>%
accuracy_diff_by_batch(obs, pred)
#> # A tibble: 1 × 4
#> .metric .by .estimator .estimate
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 accuracy_diff batch multiclass -0.0252We can also add accuracy_diff_by_batch() to metric
sets:
acc_ms <- metric_set(accuracy, accuracy_diff_by_batch)
hpc %>%
filter(Resample == "Fold01") %>%
acc_ms(truth = obs, estimate = pred)
#> # A tibble: 2 × 4
#> .metric .estimator .estimate .by
#> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
#> 1 accuracy multiclass 0.726 NA
#> 2 accuracy_diff multiclass -0.0252 batchGroupwise metrics are group-aware. When passed data with any
grouping variables other than the column passed as the first argument to
accuracy_diff()—in this case,
group—accuracy_diff_by_batch() will behave
like any other yardstick metric. For example:
hpc %>%
group_by(Resample) %>%
accuracy_diff_by_batch(obs, pred)
#> # A tibble: 10 × 5
#> Resample .metric .by .estimator .estimate
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 Fold01 accuracy_diff batch multiclass -0.0252
#> 2 Fold02 accuracy_diff batch multiclass 0.106
#> 3 Fold03 accuracy_diff batch multiclass 0.0220
#> 4 Fold04 accuracy_diff batch multiclass -0.000300
#> 5 Fold05 accuracy_diff batch multiclass -0.0361
#> 6 Fold06 accuracy_diff batch multiclass 0.0153
#> 7 Fold07 accuracy_diff batch multiclass -0.0323
#> 8 Fold08 accuracy_diff batch multiclass -0.0159
#> 9 Fold09 accuracy_diff batch multiclass -0.0131
#> 10 Fold10 accuracy_diff batch multiclass -0.0255Groupwise metrics form the backend of fairness metrics in tidymodels.
To learn more about groupwise metrics and their applications in fairness
problems, see new_groupwise_metric().